![]() ![]() ![]() However, recent systematic reviews of non-pharmacological treatment highlight that different classes of intervention design take similar approaches that heterogeneity in sample size, study design, quality and symptom outcome measurement makes meta-analysis difficult, and there is a high risk of bias. Results of non-pharmacological intervention studies suggest these interventions have a positive effect on core behavioural symptoms of ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity), particularly when compared to inactive control conditions. psychotherapy or coaching), only Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) and potentially Neurofeedback have the most empirical support. While a variety of different interventions are available and the benefit of other forms of support is acknowledged (e.g. Several theoretical models attribute additional and alternative cognitive sources for the development of ADHD symptoms. Russell Barkley postulated the first unifying theory of ADHD, which places a core deficit of behavioural inhibition at the source of ADHD behaviours. Effective, long-term treatment outcomes benefit both the individual with ADHD and society as a whole as undiagnosed and untreated adults with ADHD may become an economic burden due to increased health care costs and decreased productivity at work. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder of self-regulation with symptoms negatively affecting daily functioning at work and at home, with long-term impacts in academic, occupational, social and emotional areas of functioning. The combination of psychological theory and interpretation of research have been highlighted as critical influencers guiding decision-making for clinical treatment design and development for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Research into alternative theoretical characterisations of ADHD is recommended to provide treatment design opportunities to better understand and address symptoms. A single theoretical perspective is limiting research for effective treatments for ADHD to address ongoing issues such as accommodating context variability and heterogeneity. Results showed that despite variation in the application, current treatments characterise ADHD from a single paradigm of cognitive behavioural theory. A scoping review and analysis were performed on 221 documents to compare the theoretical influences in research, treatment approach, and theoretical citations. A wide variety of approaches have developed to improve ADHD outcomes in adults, and this review aimed to map the theoretical foundations of treatment design to understand their impact. Research-based treatment recommendations primarily support Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), an extension of the cognitive behavioural theory, which promotes a deficit-focused characterisation of ADHD and prioritises symptom reduction and cognitive control of self-regulation as treatment outcomes. Psychological theory and interpretation of research are key elements influencing clinical treatment development and design in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ![]()
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